fix(security): harden server against verified code-review findings

Applies fixes for 20 adversarially-verified findings from a whole-codebase
security review (server side). All Go build-tag variants build, `go vet` is
clean, and the suite passes (the sole failing test, ws TestEmitEvents, is a
pre-existing nil-harness failure unrelated to these changes).

High severity:
- auth: close TOCTOU in TOTP verify rate-limit by recording each attempt
  atomically up-front (was Check-then-Allow), restoring the per-user
  brute-force cap.
- plugin: enforce the CPU/time budget on every WASM guest call via a
  WithTimeout context (WithCloseOnContextDone interrupts runaways); the
  configured budget was previously parsed but never applied.
- api/waf: inspect request bodies for chunked (ContentLength==-1) requests
  so the SQLi/XSS/RCE body rules can no longer be bypassed.
- ws: rate-limit voice_join/voice_leave and voice_e2ee announce/offer, which
  fan out to every participant and could force mass disconnects.

Medium severity:
- api: run bcrypt on the unknown-user login path (no || short-circuit) to
  remove the timing-based username-enumeration oracle.
- ws: verify LiveKit webhooks via the SDK receiver so the signature is bound
  to the body hash (kills forgery/replay).
- authz: require READ_MESSAGES for reactions and for plugin-command
  broadcasts; route the latter through RequireChannelAccess.
- api: cache the client-update signature fetch and rate-limit the endpoint.
- service: propagate DeleteOtherSessions failure from ChangePassword instead
  of silently reporting success.
- api: trust the rightmost non-proxy X-Forwarded-For entry, not the
  client-controllable leftmost one.
- plugin: route auto-registered commands through the conflict-checked
  RegisterCommand; pin the DNS-validated IP for host_http dials
  (DNS-rebinding TOCTOU).
- api: mark access-controlled downloads private/no-cache + Vary: Origin.

Low severity:
- auth: fail closed when a fully-shaped TOTP ciphertext fails GCM auth
  (was returning the ciphertext as plaintext).
- api: apply the livekit-proxy path allowlist to WebSocket upgrades too.
- service: verify attachment ownership before linking (IDOR).
- admin: bound the bootstrap setup invite (5 uses / 24h); re-verify the
  update binary hash immediately before rename+spawn (TOCTOU).
- service: require BanMembers + role hierarchy for moderation ban/unban.

chore: stop tracking the stray Server/owncord-server.exe build artifact.

Test infra: add uploader_id to the hand-rolled ws test attachment schemas and
make MemStore.GetAttachmentByID a no-op lookup, matching production/DB behavior.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Server/admin/setup_handler.go

@@ -142,7 +142,10 @@ func handleSetup(database *db.DB, limiter *auth.RateLimiter, allowedOrigins []st
 		_, _ = database.CreateChannel("General", "voice", "Voice Channels", "", 0)
 
 		// Generate a bootstrap invite code so the owner can invite others.
-		inviteCode, err := database.CreateInvite(uid, 0, nil) // unlimited uses, no expiry
+		// Bound it (5 uses / 24h) rather than minting an unlimited, non-expiring
+		// invite — the owner can create fresh invites once logged in.
+		bootstrapInviteExpiry := time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)
+		inviteCode, err := database.CreateInvite(uid, 5, &bootstrapInviteExpiry)
 		if err != nil {
 			writeErr(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "INTERNAL_ERROR", "failed to generate invite code")
 			return

Server/admin/update_handlers.go

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ package admin
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -84,6 +87,17 @@ func handleApplyUpdate(u *updater.Updater, hub HubBroadcaster, _ string) http.Ha
 			return
 		}
 
+		// Snapshot the hash of the just-verified staged binary. It is re-checked
+		// immediately before rename+spawn to close the TOCTOU window between
+		// verification here and the swap in the background goroutine below.
+		stagedHash, err := fileSHA256(newPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Error("update: failed to hash staged binary", "err", err)
+			_ = os.Remove(newPath)
+			writeErr(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "INTERNAL_ERROR", "failed to stage update")
+			return
+		}
+
 		// Respond to the client before shutting down.
 		writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, map[string]string{
 			"status":  "applying",
@@ -97,6 +111,14 @@ func handleApplyUpdate(u *updater.Updater, hub HubBroadcaster, _ string) http.Ha
 			}
 			time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
 
+			// TOCTOU guard: re-verify the staged binary is byte-for-byte the one
+			// we verified before responding. If it was swapped between then and
+			// now, abort without renaming or spawning it.
+			if err := u.VerifyChecksum(newPath, stagedHash); err != nil {
+				slog.Error("update: staged binary re-verification failed, aborting update", "error", err)
+				return
+			}
+
 			// Rename: current -> .old, .new -> current
 			_ = os.Remove(oldPath) // remove any stale .old
 			if err := os.Rename(exePath, oldPath); err != nil {
@@ -137,3 +159,20 @@ func handleApplyUpdate(u *updater.Updater, hub HubBroadcaster, _ string) http.Ha
 		}()
 	})
 }
+
+// fileSHA256 returns the hex-encoded SHA256 of the file at path. Used to
+// snapshot a verified update binary so it can be re-checked (via
+// updater.VerifyChecksum) immediately before it is renamed and executed.
+func fileSHA256(path string) (string, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer f.Close() //nolint:errcheck
+
+	h := sha256.New()
+	if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil)), nil
+}

Server/api/auth_handler.go

@@ -317,7 +317,17 @@ func handleLogin(database *db.DB, limiter *auth.RateLimiter, partialStore *auth.
 
 		failKey := "login_fail:" + ip
 		userFailKey := "login_user_fail:" + req.Username
-		if user == nil || !auth.CheckPassword(user.PasswordHash, req.Password) {
+		// Always run the password check — with an empty hash when the user does
+		// not exist. auth.CheckPassword performs a dummy bcrypt comparison for an
+		// empty hash, so bcrypt executes on every path and response time stays
+		// constant, preventing timing-based username enumeration. (A `user == nil
+		// || CheckPassword(...)` short-circuit would skip bcrypt entirely for
+		// unknown usernames, reintroducing the timing side-channel.)
+		storedHash := ""
+		if user != nil {
+			storedHash = user.PasswordHash
+		}
+		if !auth.CheckPassword(storedHash, req.Password) {
 			// Track failures per-IP; lockout on threshold.
 			if !limiter.Allow(failKey, loginFailureThreshold, loginFailureWindow) {
 				limiter.Lockout(lockKey, loginLockoutDuration)

Server/api/client_update.go

@@ -67,8 +67,10 @@ func handleClientUpdate(u *updater.Updater) http.HandlerFunc {
 			return
 		}
 
-		// Fetch the signature file content (small text file).
+		// Fetch the signature file content (small text file). Cached with the
-		sigContent, err := u.FetchTextAsset(r.Context(), sigURL)
+		// same TTL as the release info so this unauthenticated endpoint does not
+		// perform an outbound fetch on every request (DoS hardening).
+		sigContent, err := u.FetchTextAssetCached(r.Context(), sigURL)
 		if err != nil {
 			http.Error(w, "failed to fetch signature", http.StatusBadGateway)
 			return

Server/api/constants.go

@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ const (
 	// livekitProxyRateLimitPerMinute is the maximum LiveKit proxy requests per IP per minute.
 	livekitProxyRateLimitPerMinute = 30
 
+	// clientUpdateRateLimitPerMinute is the maximum client-update checks per IP per minute.
+	clientUpdateRateLimitPerMinute = 30
+
 	// loginFailureThreshold is the number of failed login attempts (within
 	// loginFailureWindow) before the IP is locked out.
 	loginFailureThreshold = 9

Server/api/livekit_proxy.go

@@ -59,11 +59,9 @@ func NewLiveKitProxy(livekitURL string, allowedOrigins []string) http.Handler {
 	blockedSegments := map[string]bool{"admin": true, "metrics": true, "debug": true, "twirp": true}
 
 	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		// Detect WebSocket upgrade requests.
+		// Enforce the path allowlist and Origin check for EVERY request,
-		if isWebSocketUpgrade(r) {
+		// including WebSocket upgrades — otherwise a client could reach a
-			proxyWebSocket(w, r, &wsTarget, allowedOrigins)
+		// blocked/admin endpoint simply by sending an Upgrade header.
-			return
-		}
 
 		// Block sensitive LiveKit endpoints (exact segment match).
 		for _, seg := range strings.Split(strings.ToLower(r.URL.Path), "/") {
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ func NewLiveKitProxy(livekitURL string, allowedOrigins []string) http.Handler {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Validate Origin header for HTTP requests (mirrors WS OriginPatterns).
+		// Validate Origin header (mirrors WS OriginPatterns).
 		if !isOriginAllowed(r, allowedOrigins) {
 			writeJSON(w, http.StatusForbidden, errorResponse{
 				Error:   "FORBIDDEN",
@@ -85,6 +83,12 @@ func NewLiveKitProxy(livekitURL string, allowedOrigins []string) http.Handler {
 			return
 		}
 
+		// Detect WebSocket upgrade requests.
+		if isWebSocketUpgrade(r) {
+			proxyWebSocket(w, r, &wsTarget, allowedOrigins)
+			return
+		}
+
 		httpProxy.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 	})
 }

Server/api/middleware.go

@@ -218,13 +218,23 @@ func clientIPWithProxies(r *http.Request, trustedCIDRs []string) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Fall back to the leftmost (client) entry in X-Forwarded-For.
+	// Fall back to X-Forwarded-For, walking from the RIGHT and skipping entries
+	// that are themselves trusted proxies. The first non-trusted, valid address
+	// is the real client. Taking the leftmost entry (BUG-112) would trust a
+	// client-supplied value: a client can prepend a spoofed IP
+	// (`X-Forwarded-For: <spoofed>, <real>`) that the proxy then appends to,
+	// letting it forge per-IP rate-limit and lockout keys.
 	if xff := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For"); xff != "" {
-		parts := strings.SplitN(xff, ",", 2)
+		parts := strings.Split(xff, ",")
-		if client := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0]); client != "" {
+		for i := len(parts) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-			if net.ParseIP(client) != nil {
+			candidate := strings.TrimSpace(parts[i])
-				return client
+			if candidate == "" || net.ParseIP(candidate) == nil {
+				continue
 			}
+			if trusted, _ := isTrustedProxy(candidate, trustedCIDRs); trusted {
+				continue // our own proxy hop, keep walking left
+			}
+			return candidate
 		}
 	}
 

Server/api/router.go

@@ -251,8 +251,12 @@ func NewRouter(cfg *config.Config, database *db.DB, ver string, logBuf *admin.Ri
 		})
 	})
 
-	// Client auto-update endpoint (unauthenticated).
+	// Client auto-update endpoint (unauthenticated). Per-IP rate limited to
-	MountClientUpdateRoute(r, u)
+	// bound abuse; the signature fetch is cached inside the updater (DoS fix).
+	MountClientUpdateRoute(
+		r.With(RateLimitMiddleware(limiter, clientUpdateRateLimitPerMinute, time.Minute, cfg.Server.TrustedProxies)),
+		u,
+	)
 
 	// Issue 15: Warn if AllowedOrigins contains wildcard.
 	for _, o := range cfg.Server.AllowedOrigins {

Server/api/totp_handler.go

@@ -66,7 +66,14 @@ func handleVerifyTOTP(database *db.DB, partialStore *auth.PartialAuthStore, limi
 		}
 
 		totpRateLimitKey := fmt.Sprintf("totp_fail:%d", challenge.UserID)
-		if !limiter.Check(totpRateLimitKey, totpFailureRateLimit, totpFailureWindow) {
+		// Atomically record this attempt and reject once the per-user failure cap
+		// is reached. Recording up-front — rather than a read-only Check now and
+		// Allow only on failure — closes a TOCTOU where many concurrent requests
+		// reusing one valid partial token all pass the read-only check before any
+		// failure is recorded, defeating the per-user brute-force cap (the only
+		// cross-IP defence). A successful verification resets the counter below,
+		// so legitimate retries are not penalised.
+		if !limiter.Allow(totpRateLimitKey, totpFailureRateLimit, totpFailureWindow) {
 			writeJSON(w, http.StatusTooManyRequests, errorResponse{
 				Error:   "RATE_LIMITED",
 				Message: "too many failed attempts, try again later",
@@ -94,7 +101,8 @@ func handleVerifyTOTP(database *db.DB, partialStore *auth.PartialAuthStore, limi
 		}
 
 		if !auth.VerifyTOTPCodeOnce(secret, strings.TrimSpace(req.Code), time.Now().UTC(), user.ID, usedTOTPCodes) {
-			limiter.Allow(totpRateLimitKey, totpFailureRateLimit, totpFailureWindow)
+			// The attempt was already recorded atomically up-front via
+			// limiter.Allow; only the per-partial-token counter is advanced here.
 			partialStore.RegisterFailure(partialToken, partialAuthMaxFailures)
 			writeJSON(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, errorResponse{
 				Error:   "UNAUTHORIZED",

Server/api/upload_handler.go

@@ -304,7 +304,12 @@ func handleServeFile(database *db.DB, store *storage.Storage, allowedOrigins []s
 			disposition = "attachment"
 		}
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", mime.FormatMediaType(disposition, map[string]string{"filename": aa.Filename}))
-		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", fmt.Sprintf("public, max-age=%d, immutable", fileCacheMaxAgeSeconds))
+		// These downloads are access-controlled, so they must never be stored by
+		// shared/proxy caches (info-leak). Mark private and force revalidation.
+		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", fmt.Sprintf("private, max-age=%d, no-cache", fileCacheMaxAgeSeconds))
+		// The Access-Control-Allow-Origin header below reflects the request
+		// Origin, so responses vary by Origin and must not be cross-served.
+		w.Header().Set("Vary", "Origin")
 		// CORS: allow webview to read the response body using configured origins.
 		if origin := r.Header.Get("Origin"); origin != "" {
 			for _, allowed := range allowedOrigins {

Server/api/upload_handler_test.go

@@ -727,10 +727,11 @@ func TestServeFile_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected Content-Type header on served file")
 	}
 
-	// Verify cache control header.
+	// Verify cache control header. Access-controlled downloads must be marked
+	// private + no-cache so shared/proxy caches never store them (info-leak).
 	cc := rr2.Header().Get("Cache-Control")
-	if cc != "public, max-age=31536000, immutable" {
+	if cc != "private, max-age=31536000, no-cache" {
-		t.Errorf("Cache-Control = %q, want 'public, max-age=31536000, immutable'", cc)
+		t.Errorf("Cache-Control = %q, want 'private, max-age=31536000, no-cache'", cc)
 	}
 
 	// Verify Content-Disposition header.

Server/api/waf.go

@@ -92,8 +92,12 @@ func NewWAFMiddleware(paranoiaLevel int) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 				return
 			}
 
-			// Process request body (if applicable)
+			// Process request body (if applicable). Use ContentLength != 0 so
-			if r.Body != nil && r.ContentLength > 0 {
+			// chunked requests (Transfer-Encoding: chunked → ContentLength == -1)
+			// are inspected too; otherwise the SQLi/XSS/RCE body rules are silently
+			// skipped for them. The read is bounded by SecRequestBodyLimit inside
+			// Coraza. ContentLength == 0 (no body) still skips inspection.
+			if r.Body != nil && r.ContentLength != 0 {
 				if it, _, err := tx.ReadRequestBodyFrom(r.Body); it != nil {
 					handleWAFInterruption(w, it)
 					return

Server/auth/totp_encrypt.go

@@ -138,11 +138,14 @@ func DecryptTOTPSecret(key []byte, ciphertext string) (string, error) {
 	nonce, sealed := data[:nonceSize], data[nonceSize:]
 	plaintext, err := gcm.Open(nil, nonce, sealed, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		// Decryption failed -- likely an unencrypted legacy secret or wrong key.
+		// The value has the full encrypted shape (valid hex, long enough for
-		// Return as-is for backwards compatibility.
+		// nonce+tag) but GCM authentication failed. That is a real error — a
-		slog.Warn("TOTP secret decryption failed — returning as plaintext (check TOTP_ENCRYPTION_KEY)",
+		// wrong TOTP_ENCRYPTION_KEY or a tampered/corrupted ciphertext — not a
-			"error", err)
+		// legacy plaintext secret (those are caught by the not-hex and
-		return ciphertext, nil //nolint:nilerr
+		// too-short branches above). Fail CLOSED: returning the ciphertext as
+		// if it were the secret would silently mask key misconfiguration.
+		slog.Error("TOTP secret decryption failed — check TOTP_ENCRYPTION_KEY", "error", err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("decrypting TOTP secret: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return string(plaintext), nil

Server/go.mod

@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/gotnospirit/makeplural v0.0.0-20180622080156-a5f48d94d976 // indirect
 	github.com/gotnospirit/messageformat v0.0.0-20221001023931-dfe49f1eb092 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.28.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.7.7 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect

Server/go.sum

@@ -119,6 +119,10 @@ github.com/gotnospirit/messageformat v0.0.0-20221001023931-dfe49f1eb092 h1:c7gcN
 github.com/gotnospirit/messageformat v0.0.0-20221001023931-dfe49f1eb092/go.mod h1:ZZAN4fkkful3l1lpJwF8JbW41ZiG9TwJ2ZlqzQovBNU=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.28.0 h1:HWRh5R2+9EifMyIHV7ZV+MIZqgz+PMpZ14Jynv3O2Zs=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.28.0/go.mod h1:JfhWUomR1baixubs02l85lZYYOm7LV6om4ceouMv45c=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 h1:035FKYIWjmULyFRBKPs8TBQoi0x6d9G4xc9neXJWAZQ=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2/go.mod h1:kO/YDlP8L1346E6Sodw+PrpBSV4/SoxCXGY6BqNFT48=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.7.7 h1:C8hUCYzor8PIfXHa4UrZkU4VvK8o9ISHxT2Q8+VepXU=
+github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.7.7/go.mod h1:pkQpWZeYWskR+D1tR2O5OcBFOxfA7DoAO6xtkuQnHTk=
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7 h1:a+bsQ5rvGLjzHuww6tVxozPZFVghXaHOwFs4luLUK2k=
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7/go.mod h1:QeFd9opnmA6QUJc5vARoKUSoFhyfM2/ZepoAG6RGpeM=
 github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 h1:/6Hmqy13Ss2zCq62VdNG8tM1wchn8zjSGOBJ6icpsIM=

Server/plugin/host_http.go

@@ -76,26 +76,43 @@ func (r *Registry) HTTPDo(ctx context.Context, inst *Instance, req HTTPRequest)
 	for k, v := range req.Header {
 		httpReq.Header.Set(k, v)
 	}
-	// Custom transport with a guarded DialContext: every actual TCP dial
+	// Custom transport with a guarded DialContext: the host is resolved once,
-	// re-checks the resolved IP, closing the DNS-rebinding TOCTOU window
+	// every candidate IP is validated against the blocklist, and the actual
-	// between rejectPrivateAddrs above and the underlying dial.
+	// connection is made to that specific vetted IP — never re-resolved by
+	// hostname. This closes the DNS-rebinding TOCTOU window where a second
+	// lookup (the one net.Dialer would perform on a hostname) could return an
+	// internal IP after rejectPrivateAddrs above had already approved the name.
 	dialer := &net.Dialer{Timeout: httpTimeout}
 	transport := &http.Transport{
 		DialContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
-			h, _, splitErr := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+			h, port, splitErr := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
 			if splitErr != nil {
 				return nil, splitErr
 			}
-			ip := net.ParseIP(h)
+			// IP literal: validate and dial as-is (no resolution happens).
-			if ip == nil {
+			if ip := net.ParseIP(h); ip != nil {
-				// Hostname — resolve and validate every address before dial.
+				if err := ipAllowed(ip); err != nil {
-				if err := rejectPrivateAddrs(ctx, h); err != nil {
 					return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrHTTPHostDenied, err)
 				}
-			} else if err := ipAllowed(ip); err != nil {
+				return dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrHTTPHostDenied, err)
 			}
-			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
+			// Hostname: resolve once, validate every returned address, then
+			// dial the concrete vetted IP so the connection target is exactly
+			// the address that was checked.
+			resolver := &net.Resolver{}
+			ips, lookupErr := resolver.LookupIPAddr(ctx, h)
+			if lookupErr != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: dns lookup failed: %v", ErrHTTPHostDenied, lookupErr)
+			}
+			if len(ips) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: no addresses for %s", ErrHTTPHostDenied, h)
+			}
+			for _, resolved := range ips {
+				if err := ipAllowed(resolved.IP); err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrHTTPHostDenied, err)
+				}
+			}
+			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, net.JoinHostPort(ips[0].IP.String(), port))
 		},
 	}
 	client := &http.Client{

Server/plugin/sandbox_wazero.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // elsewhere in the repo so the default sqlite-only build does not pull
 // wazero into go.mod at runtime.
 //
-// Architecture
+// # Architecture
 //
 // The wazero-tagged build provides:
 //
@@ -36,8 +36,10 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
 	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
@@ -121,17 +123,26 @@ func (r *Registry) activateWithRuntime(ctx context.Context, platform any, inst *
 		return fmt.Errorf("plugin %q: instantiate: %w", inst.Manifest.Name, err)
 	}
 
-	// Register the module and auto-bind any commands the plugin exports
+	// Store the module under the lock, then auto-bind any commands the plugin
-	// via list_commands. The plugin must also have declared the `commands`
+	// exports via list_commands. Binding is routed through RegisterCommand so
-	// capability in its manifest, otherwise no binding happens.
+	// each name goes through the same normalization (trim "/" + lowercase) and
+	// conflict check the direct registration path uses: a command already owned
+	// by a DIFFERENT plugin is refused rather than silently clobbered, closing
+	// the cross-plugin command-hijack hole. RegisterCommand acquires r.mu
+	// itself, so it is called outside the lock below to avoid re-entrant
+	// locking. The plugin must also have declared the `commands` capability in
+	// its manifest, otherwise no binding happens.
 	r.mu.Lock()
 	inst.module = module
+	r.mu.Unlock()
 	if inst.Manifest.HasCapability(CapCommands) {
 		for _, cmd := range listExportedCommands(ctx, module) {
-			r.commands[cmd] = inst
+			if err := r.RegisterCommand(cmd, inst); err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("plugin: skipping command binding",
+					"plugin", inst.Manifest.Name, "command", cmd, "err", err)
+			}
 		}
 	}
-	r.mu.Unlock()
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -195,9 +206,27 @@ func (r *Registry) invokeCommand(ctx context.Context, inst *Instance, userID, ch
 		return &CommandResult{Reply: fmt.Sprintf("plugin %s: marshal payload: %v", inst.Manifest.Name, err)}, true
 	}
 
+	// Enforce the plugin's CPU budget. The effective budget is the manifest's
+	// Resources.CPUBudgetMs, falling back to the configured default, then a
+	// hard 100ms floor so a zero/negative value can never mean "no limit".
+	// Every guest call (allocate / command_dispatch / deallocate) runs under
+	// this deadline instead of the long-lived WebSocket context. The runtime
+	// was created WithCloseOnContextDone(true), so an expired deadline closes
+	// the module and interrupts a runaway guest (e.g. `for {}`) — the Call
+	// returns an error rather than panicking, which the paths below surface.
+	budgetMs := inst.Manifest.Resources.CPUBudgetMs
+	if budgetMs <= 0 {
+		budgetMs = r.cfg.CPUBudgetMs
+	}
+	if budgetMs <= 0 {
+		budgetMs = 100
+	}
+	callCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Duration(budgetMs)*time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+
 	// Allocate guest memory for the input payload.
 	size := uint64(len(payload))
-	ptrs, callErr := allocFn.Call(ctx, size)
+	ptrs, callErr := allocFn.Call(callCtx, size)
 	if callErr != nil || len(ptrs) == 0 {
 		return &CommandResult{Reply: fmt.Sprintf("plugin %s: allocate(%d): %v", inst.Manifest.Name, size, callErr)}, true
 	}
@@ -208,14 +237,19 @@ func (r *Registry) invokeCommand(ctx context.Context, inst *Instance, userID, ch
 		return &CommandResult{Reply: fmt.Sprintf("plugin %s: memory write at %d failed", inst.Manifest.Name, ptr)}, true
 	}
 
-	results, callErr := dispatchFn.Call(ctx, ptr, size)
+	results, callErr := dispatchFn.Call(callCtx, ptr, size)
 
 	// Free the input buffer regardless of dispatch outcome.
 	if deallocFn != nil {
-		_, _ = deallocFn.Call(ctx, ptr, size)
+		_, _ = deallocFn.Call(callCtx, ptr, size)
 	}
 
 	if callErr != nil {
+		// Surface a CPU-budget overrun as a clean, specific error rather than
+		// leaking the raw "module closed with context deadline exceeded".
+		if callCtx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
+			return &CommandResult{Reply: fmt.Sprintf("plugin %s: command exceeded CPU budget of %dms", inst.Manifest.Name, budgetMs)}, true
+		}
 		return &CommandResult{Reply: fmt.Sprintf("plugin %s: dispatch: %v", inst.Manifest.Name, callErr)}, true
 	}
 	if len(results) < 2 {

Server/service/message.go

@@ -173,6 +173,26 @@ func (s *MessageService) SendMessage(ctx context.Context, p SendMessageParams) (
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Verify attachment ownership before persisting, to prevent hijacking
+	// another user's unlinked upload (IDOR). Any referenced attachment that
+	// exists must belong to the sender (uploader_id == p.UserID) and must not
+	// already be linked to a message (message_id IS NULL). Nonexistent IDs are
+	// ignored — LinkAttachmentsToMessage silently skips them. Checked before
+	// CreateMessage so a failed ownership check never persists a message.
+	for _, aid := range p.AttachmentIDs {
+		att, attErr := s.st.GetAttachmentByID(aid)
+		if attErr != nil {
+			slog.Error("MessageService.SendMessage GetAttachmentByID", "err", attErr, "attachment_id", aid)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to verify attachment ownership", ErrInternal)
+		}
+		if att == nil {
+			continue // nonexistent — the link query will skip it
+		}
+		if att.UploaderID == nil || *att.UploaderID != p.UserID || att.MessageID != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: attachment not owned by sender or already linked", ErrForbidden)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Persist message.
 	msgID, err := s.st.CreateMessage(p.ChannelID, p.UserID, content, p.ReplyTo)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -435,7 +455,10 @@ func (s *MessageService) handleReaction(userID, msgID int64, emoji string, add b
 		if dmErr != nil || !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: not a DM participant", ErrBadRequest)
 		}
-	} else if !s.perms.HasChannelPerm(userID, msg.ChannelID, permissions.AddReactions) {
+	} else if !s.perms.HasChannelPerm(userID, msg.ChannelID, permissions.ReadMessages|permissions.AddReactions) {
+		// Require READ_MESSAGES in addition to ADD_REACTIONS so a user cannot
+		// react in a channel they cannot read. Mirrors checkSendPermission,
+		// which requires ReadMessages|SendMessages for non-DM sends.
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: missing ADD_REACTIONS permission", ErrForbidden)
 	}
 

Server/service/moderation.go

@@ -6,18 +6,54 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/owncord/server/permissions"
 	"github.com/owncord/server/store"
 	"github.com/owncord/server/telemetry"
 )
 
 // ModerationService handles user ban/unban operations.
 type ModerationService struct {
-	st store.Store
+	st    store.Store
+	perms *PermissionService
 }
 
 // NewModerationService creates a ModerationService.
-func NewModerationService(st store.Store) *ModerationService {
+func NewModerationService(st store.Store, perms *PermissionService) *ModerationService {
-	return &ModerationService{st: st}
+	return &ModerationService{st: st, perms: perms}
+}
+
+// requireBanAuthority verifies the actor is allowed to ban/unban the target.
+// The actor must hold BAN_MEMBERS (or Administrator, which bypasses permission
+// checks) and must outrank the target in the role hierarchy — mirroring the
+// position-based hierarchy used elsewhere (see admin/middleware.go and
+// permissions.OwnerRolePosition). Returns ErrForbidden when either check fails.
+func (s *ModerationService) requireBanAuthority(actorID, targetID int64) error {
+	if s.perms == nil {
+		// No permission service wired — fail closed rather than allow unchecked bans.
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: permission service unavailable", ErrForbidden)
+	}
+
+	actorRole, err := s.perms.GetRoleForUser(actorID)
+	if err != nil || actorRole == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to load actor role", ErrForbidden)
+	}
+
+	if !permissions.HasAdmin(actorRole.Permissions) &&
+		!permissions.HasPerm(actorRole.Permissions, permissions.BanMembers) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: missing BAN_MEMBERS permission", ErrForbidden)
+	}
+
+	// Role hierarchy: the actor must strictly outrank the target so a user
+	// cannot ban a peer or a higher-ranked user (e.g. the owner).
+	targetRole, err := s.perms.GetRoleForUser(targetID)
+	if err != nil || targetRole == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to load target role", ErrForbidden)
+	}
+	if actorRole.Position <= targetRole.Position {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: cannot moderate a user of equal or higher rank", ErrForbidden)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 // BanUser bans a target user. Validates the target exists and
@@ -46,6 +82,11 @@ func (s *ModerationService) BanUser(actorID, targetID int64, reason string, expi
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: user not found", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
+	// Authorization: actor must hold BAN_MEMBERS and outrank the target.
+	if err := s.requireBanAuthority(actorID, targetID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if err := s.st.BanUser(targetID, reason, expires); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to ban user", ErrInternal)
 	}
@@ -69,6 +110,11 @@ func (s *ModerationService) UnbanUser(actorID, targetID int64) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: user not found", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
+	// Authorization: actor must hold BAN_MEMBERS and outrank the target.
+	if err := s.requireBanAuthority(actorID, targetID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if err := s.st.UnbanUser(targetID); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to unban user", ErrInternal)
 	}

Server/service/service.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func New(st store.Store, limiter *auth.RateLimiter) *Services {
 		DMs:         NewDMService(st),
 		Invites:     NewInviteService(st),
 		Blocks:      NewBlockService(st),
-		Moderation:  NewModerationService(st),
+		Moderation:  NewModerationService(st, permSvc),
 		Voice:       NewVoiceService(st, permSvc),
 	}
 }

Server/service/user.go

@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ func (s *UserService) ChangePassword(userID int64, newPasswordHash string, keepS
 	revoked, err := s.st.DeleteOtherSessions(userID, keepSessionID)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Error("UserService.ChangePassword DeleteOtherSessions", "err", err, "user_id", userID)
+		// The password was updated, but other sessions could not be revoked, so
+		// devices authenticated under the old password remain valid. Surface this
+		// as a failure instead of silently reporting success — a password change
+		// is a security action and the caller must be able to warn/retry.
+		return revoked, fmt.Errorf("%w: password changed but failed to revoke other sessions", ErrInternal)
 	}
 	_ = s.st.LogAudit(userID, "password_change", "user", userID, "password changed")
 	slog.Info("password changed", "user_id", userID, "sessions_revoked", revoked)

Server/store/memstore.go

@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ func (m *MemStore) SeedBlock(blockerID, blockedID int64) {
 
 // ---------- Store interface: top-level ----------
 
-func (m *MemStore) Close() error                                              { return nil }
+func (m *MemStore) Close() error                                         { return nil }
-func (m *MemStore) SQLDb() *sql.DB                                            { return nil }
+func (m *MemStore) SQLDb() *sql.DB                                       { return nil }
-func (m *MemStore) WithTx(_ context.Context, fn func(Store) error) error      { return fn(m) }
+func (m *MemStore) WithTx(_ context.Context, fn func(Store) error) error { return fn(m) }
 
 // ---------- MessageStore ----------
 
@@ -686,7 +686,11 @@ func (m *MemStore) CreateAttachment(_ string, _ int64, _, _, _ string, _ int64,
 }
 
 func (m *MemStore) GetAttachmentByID(_ string) (*db.Attachment, error) {
-	panic("memstore: not implemented: GetAttachmentByID")
+	// MemStore does not track attachments (CreateAttachment is unsupported and
+	// LinkAttachmentsToMessage is a no-op), so every lookup is "not found".
+	// Returning (nil, nil) rather than panicking keeps the attachment-ownership
+	// check in MessageService.SendMessage consistent with the no-op link path.
+	return nil, nil
 }
 
 func (m *MemStore) GetAttachmentWithChannel(_ string) (*db.AttachmentAccess, error) {

Server/updater/updater.go

@@ -117,11 +117,20 @@ type Updater struct {
 	cacheExpiry    time.Time
 	cachedErr      error
 	errCacheExpiry time.Time
+	textAssetCache map[string]textAssetCacheEntry
 	mu             syncutil.Mutex
 	httpClient     *http.Client
 	signingKeyText string
 }
 
+// textAssetCacheEntry caches a small text asset (e.g. a client update .sig
+// file) alongside the release cache so repeated requests are served from
+// memory instead of re-fetching from GitHub on every call.
+type textAssetCacheEntry struct {
+	content string
+	expiry  time.Time
+}
+
 // NewUpdater creates an Updater for the given repository.
 func NewUpdater(currentVersion, githubToken, repoOwner, repoName string) *Updater {
 	return &Updater{
@@ -713,6 +722,36 @@ func (u *Updater) FetchTextAsset(ctx context.Context, url string) (string, error
 	return string(data), nil
 }
 
+// FetchTextAssetCached is FetchTextAsset with an in-memory cache keyed by URL,
+// using the same cacheTTL as the release cache. It lets unauthenticated,
+// unrate-limited callers (e.g. the client-update endpoint) be served from
+// memory instead of triggering an outbound fetch on every request.
+func (u *Updater) FetchTextAssetCached(ctx context.Context, url string) (string, error) {
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	if entry, ok := u.textAssetCache[url]; ok && now.Before(entry.expiry) {
+		content := entry.content
+		u.mu.Unlock()
+		return content, nil
+	}
+	u.mu.Unlock()
+
+	content, err := u.FetchTextAsset(ctx, url)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	if u.textAssetCache == nil {
+		u.textAssetCache = make(map[string]textAssetCacheEntry)
+	}
+	u.textAssetCache[url] = textAssetCacheEntry{content: content, expiry: now.Add(cacheTTL)}
+	u.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return content, nil
+}
+
 // downloadFile downloads the content at url and writes it to destPath.
 func (u *Updater) downloadFile(ctx context.Context, url, destPath string) error {
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)

Server/ws/coverage_boost_test.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS audit_log (
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS attachments (
     id          TEXT    PRIMARY KEY,
     message_id  INTEGER REFERENCES messages(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    uploader_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
     filename    TEXT    NOT NULL,
     stored_as   TEXT    NOT NULL,
     mime_type   TEXT    NOT NULL,

Server/ws/handlers_command.go

@@ -83,9 +83,12 @@ func handlePluginCommand(ctx context.Context, h *Hub, c *Client, reqID string, p
 	}
 
 	if result.Broadcast != "" && p.ChannelID != 0 {
-		// Verify the invoking client has permission to send to this channel
+		// Verify the invoking client can post to this channel before broadcasting
-		// before broadcasting the plugin result to all channel members.
+		// the plugin result to all channel members. Mirrors the normal send path:
-		if !h.requireChannelPerm(c, p.ChannelID, permissions.SendMessages, "SEND_MESSAGES") {
+		// non-DM channels require READ_MESSAGES|SEND_MESSAGES (so a user cannot
+		// post into a channel they cannot read), and DM channels are validated by
+		// participant membership rather than role permissions.
+		if !h.requireChannelBroadcastAccess(c, p.ChannelID) {
 			return
 		}
 		// Channel broadcast — visible to everyone in the channel.
@@ -95,6 +98,39 @@ func handlePluginCommand(ctx context.Context, h *Hub, c *Client, reqID string, p
 	}
 }
 
+// requireChannelBroadcastAccess reports whether the client may post to
+// channelID, mirroring the normal message-send permission path. DM channels are
+// validated by participant membership; all other channels require
+// READ_MESSAGES|SEND_MESSAGES. On failure it sends an error to the client and
+// returns false. Routes through the shared permissions.Checker.RequireChannelAccess
+// so DM handling matches the rest of the codebase.
+func (h *Hub) requireChannelBroadcastAccess(c *Client, channelID int64) bool {
+	if c.user == nil {
+		c.sendMsg(buildErrorMsg(ErrCodeForbidden, "not authenticated"))
+		return false
+	}
+	ch, err := h.db.GetChannel(channelID)
+	if err != nil || ch == nil {
+		c.sendMsg(buildErrorMsg(ErrCodeNotFound, "channel not found"))
+		return false
+	}
+	role, err := h.db.GetRoleByID(c.user.RoleID)
+	if err != nil || role == nil {
+		c.sendMsg(buildErrorMsg(ErrCodeForbidden, "role not found"))
+		return false
+	}
+	if accessErr := h.permChecker.RequireChannelAccess(
+		c.userID, role.Permissions, role.ID, ch.Type, channelID,
+		permissions.ReadMessages|permissions.SendMessages,
+	); accessErr != nil {
+		slog.Warn("ws plugin broadcast permission denied",
+			"user_id", c.userID, "channel_id", channelID, "err", accessErr)
+		c.sendMsg(buildErrorMsg(ErrCodeForbidden, "missing permission to post in this channel"))
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
 // buildCommandReply builds an ephemeral command_reply envelope.
 func buildCommandReply(reqID, text string) []byte {
 	type payload struct {

Server/ws/handlers_test.go

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS audit_log (
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS attachments (
     id          TEXT    PRIMARY KEY,
     message_id  INTEGER REFERENCES messages(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    uploader_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id),
     filename    TEXT    NOT NULL,
     stored_as   TEXT    NOT NULL,
     mime_type   TEXT    NOT NULL,

Server/ws/handlers_voice.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package ws
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 )
 
 // registerVoiceHandlersV1 registers voice handlers that remain V1 (complex
@@ -12,6 +13,17 @@ func registerVoiceHandlersV1(r *HandlerRegistry) {
 		h.handleVoiceJoin(ctx, c, payload)
 	})
 	r.Register(MsgTypeVoiceLeave, func(ctx context.Context, h *Hub, c *Client, _ string, _ json.RawMessage) {
+		// Rate limit only the explicit client-initiated voice_leave message.
+		// handleVoiceLeave is also invoked internally for disconnect and
+		// channel-switch cleanup (serve.go, voice_join.go); those paths must
+		// never be throttled or they would leak ghost voice states, so the
+		// limit lives here in the dispatch wrapper rather than inside the shared
+		// handleVoiceLeave routine. Mirrors the voice control Limiter idiom.
+		ratKey := fmt.Sprintf("voice_leave:%d", c.userID)
+		if h.limiter != nil && !h.limiter.Allow(ratKey, voiceLeaveRateLimit, voiceLeaveWindow) {
+			c.sendMsg(buildErrorMsg(ErrCodeRateLimited, "too many voice leave attempts"))
+			return
+		}
 		h.handleVoiceLeave(ctx, c)
 	})
 }

Server/ws/livekit_webhook.go

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ package ws
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
@@ -12,8 +10,13 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/auth"
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/livekit"
+	"github.com/livekit/protocol/webhook"
 )
 
+// webhookMaxBodyBytes bounds the webhook request body to prevent unbounded
+// reads from an unauthenticated caller.
+const webhookMaxBodyBytes = 64 * 1024
+
 // NewLiveKitWebhookHandler returns an HTTP handler that processes LiveKit
 // webhook events. It synchronises LiveKit room state back into OwnCord's
 // voice_states DB — primarily for crash recovery when a participant
@@ -22,56 +25,35 @@ import (
 // Speaker detection is handled client-side via LiveKit's
 // RoomEvent.ActiveSpeakersChanged (lower latency than webhooks).
 func (h *Hub) NewLiveKitWebhookHandler(apiKey, apiSecret string) http.HandlerFunc {
+	// The SDK receiver verifies the token signature AND that the token's sha256
+	// claim matches the request body hash, binding verification to the body so
+	// a captured token cannot be replayed against a forged payload.
+	provider := auth.NewSimpleKeyProvider(apiKey, apiSecret)
+
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		// Check Authorization header BEFORE reading the body to avoid
 		// allocating memory for unauthenticated requests.
-		authHeader := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
+		if r.Header.Get("Authorization") == "" {
-		if authHeader == "" {
 			slog.Warn("livekit webhook: missing Authorization header")
 			http.Error(w, "unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
 			return
 		}
 
-		body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(r.Body, 64*1024))
+		// Bound the body before the SDK reads it (ReceiveWebhookEvent uses an
+		// unbounded io.ReadAll internally).
+		r.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, webhookMaxBodyBytes)
+
+		// ReceiveWebhookEvent verifies the JWT signature, the token's body-hash
+		// claim, and the exp/nbf claims, then parses the payload. This replaces
+		// the previous manual ParseAPIToken/Verify sequence, which was not bound
+		// to the request body (forgery/replay).
+		event, err := webhook.ReceiveWebhookEvent(r, provider)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Error("livekit webhook: read body failed", "error", err)
+			slog.Warn("livekit webhook: verification failed", "error", err)
-			http.Error(w, "bad request", http.StatusBadRequest)
-			return
-		}
-
-		// LiveKit sends "Bearer <token>" in the Authorization header.
-		tokenStr := strings.TrimPrefix(authHeader, "Bearer ")
-		verifier, err := auth.ParseAPIToken(tokenStr)
-		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("livekit webhook: invalid token", "error", err)
 			http.Error(w, "unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
 			return
 		}
 
-		if verifier.APIKey() != apiKey {
-			slog.Warn("livekit webhook: API key mismatch",
-				"got", verifier.APIKey(), "want", apiKey)
-			http.Error(w, "unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
-			return
-		}
-
-		// Verify checks both the HMAC signature and the exp/nbf claims
-		// (via jwt.Claims.Validate with Time: time.Now() inside the SDK).
-		// Expired tokens are rejected with an error here.
-		if _, _, err := verifier.Verify(apiSecret); err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("livekit webhook: token verification failed", "error", err)
-			http.Error(w, "unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
-			return
-		}
-
-		// Parse the webhook event payload.
-		var event livekit.WebhookEvent
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &event); err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("livekit webhook: invalid JSON", "error", err)
-			http.Error(w, "bad request", http.StatusBadRequest)
-			return
-		}
-
 		slog.Info("livekit webhook received",
 			"event", event.Event,
 			"room", event.GetRoom().GetName(),
@@ -80,9 +62,9 @@ func (h *Hub) NewLiveKitWebhookHandler(apiKey, apiSecret string) http.HandlerFun
 
 		switch event.Event {
 		case "participant_joined":
-			h.handleWebhookParticipantJoined(r.Context(), &event)
+			h.handleWebhookParticipantJoined(r.Context(), event)
 		case "participant_left":
-			h.handleWebhookParticipantLeft(r.Context(), &event)
+			h.handleWebhookParticipantLeft(r.Context(), event)
 		default:
 			slog.Debug("livekit webhook: unhandled event", "event", event.Event)
 		}

Server/ws/voice_e2ee.go

@@ -3,6 +3,17 @@ package ws
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Voice E2EE rate limits. Both the announce and offer relays fan out to every
+// other voice participant (and an offer can force a key rotation / disconnect
+// for peers), so a single user must not be able to spam them. Mirrors the
+// named-constant Limiter idiom used by the voice control handlers.
+const (
+	voiceE2EERateLimit = 5
+	voiceE2EEWindow    = time.Second
 )
 
 // validateBase64Loose checks that s is valid padded (StdEncoding) or unpadded
@@ -82,11 +93,16 @@ func (h *Hub) computeIsKeyHolder(channelID, userID int64) bool {
 // It validates the public key and returns a SetE2EEPubKey mutation plus a
 // VoiceE2EEAnnounceEvent for relay to other voice channel participants.
 func handleVoiceE2EEAnnounceV2(_ context.Context, cmd Command, info ClientInfo, deps any) Result {
-	_ = deps.(VoiceDeps)
+	d := deps.(VoiceDeps)
 	announceCmd := cmd.(VoiceE2EEAnnounceCmd)
 	userID := info.UserID
 	voiceChID := info.VoiceChannelID
 
+	ratKey := fmt.Sprintf("voice_e2ee_announce:%d", userID)
+	if d.Limiter != nil && !d.Limiter.Allow(ratKey, voiceE2EERateLimit, voiceE2EEWindow) {
+		return Result{Error: ClientError{Code: ErrCodeRateLimited, Message: "too many e2ee announcements"}}
+	}
+
 	if voiceChID == 0 {
 		return Result{Error: ClientError{Code: ErrCodeVoiceError, Message: "not in a voice channel"}}
 	}
@@ -131,6 +147,11 @@ func handleVoiceE2EEOfferV2(_ context.Context, cmd Command, info ClientInfo, dep
 	offerCmd := cmd.(VoiceE2EEOfferCmd)
 	voiceChID := info.VoiceChannelID
 
+	ratKey := fmt.Sprintf("voice_e2ee_offer:%d", info.UserID)
+	if d.Limiter != nil && !d.Limiter.Allow(ratKey, voiceE2EERateLimit, voiceE2EEWindow) {
+		return Result{Error: ClientError{Code: ErrCodeRateLimited, Message: "too many e2ee offers"}}
+	}
+
 	if voiceChID == 0 {
 		return Result{Error: ClientError{Code: ErrCodeVoiceError, Message: "not in a voice channel"}}
 	}

Server/ws/voice_join.go

@@ -12,6 +12,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/owncord/server/permissions"
 )
 
+// Voice join/leave rate limits. voice_join and voice_leave each fan out a
+// broadcast to every connected client, so a single user must not be able to
+// trigger them in a tight loop. Mirrors the named-constant idiom used by the
+// voice control handlers (see voice_broadcast.go / voice_controls.go).
+// voiceLeaveRateLimit/Window are consumed by the voice_leave message dispatch
+// in handlers_voice.go (same package).
+const (
+	voiceJoinRateLimit  = 5
+	voiceJoinWindow     = time.Second
+	voiceLeaveRateLimit = 5
+	voiceLeaveWindow    = time.Second
+)
+
 // validVoiceQuality returns true if q is an accepted voice quality preset.
 // Uses voiceQualities (defined in voice_broadcast.go) as the single source of truth.
 func validVoiceQuality(q string) bool {
@@ -30,6 +43,15 @@ func validVoiceQuality(q string) bool {
 // 8. Broadcasts voice_state to all clients.
 // 9. Sends voice_config to the joiner.
 func (h *Hub) handleVoiceJoin(ctx context.Context, c *Client, payload json.RawMessage) {
+	// Rate limit: voice_join broadcasts a voice_state update to every connected
+	// client, so cap how often a single user can trigger the fan-out. Mirrors the
+	// Limiter.Allow(...) idiom used by the voice control handlers.
+	ratKey := fmt.Sprintf("voice_join:%d", c.userID)
+	if h.limiter != nil && !h.limiter.Allow(ratKey, voiceJoinRateLimit, voiceJoinWindow) {
+		c.sendMsg(buildErrorMsg(ErrCodeRateLimited, "too many voice join attempts"))
+		return
+	}
+
 	channelID, err := parseChannelID(payload)
 	if err != nil || channelID <= 0 {
 		c.sendMsg(buildErrorMsg(ErrCodeBadRequest, "channel_id must be a positive integer"))